04.2 Real Voltage Waveforms

Binary values are actually represented as voltage levels

• 0 : low
• 1 : high

We also have thresholds for the circuit to register a binary state

• $V_{0,\text{max}}$ the maximum bound for low
• $V_{1,\text{min}}$ the minimum bound high
• In between, they are undefined

In reality, circuits take time to transition from a state to another

• $t_r$ - the rise time
• $t_f$ - the fall time

It also takes time for a gate to register that something is happening → we call that propagation delay $t_p$

04.2 Dynamic Operation